Organisational Objective Collaboration and Cooperation †MyAssignmenth

Question: Examine about the Organizational Objective Collaboration and Cooperation. Answer: Presentation: With the developing pattern of globalization and growing business associations over the globe, the interest for bookkeeping and money the board specialists is being felt at the most elevated. Specialists with abilities and capabilities to attempt an examination of monetary data and show a position of authority are being looked by organizations of all shapes and sizes. Understanding the possibilities an individual would have in this field, I am applying for the Accounting and Financial Management and Mathematics BA Degree presented by the Sheffield University Management School, UK. This is a double distinctions course, suggesting that the course would be as a team with the School of Mathematics and Statistics which is the accomplice office. The span of this course is three years. The course offers a decent establishing in both the subjects of Accounting and Financial Management just as Mathematics. Both the subjects are given equivalent weighting, and the understudies are allowed to c onsider specific zones in an elaborative way. The two subjects are educated in a way that supplement one another and opens up incredible vocation openings. As an expertly qualified master and specialist in bookkeeping and money and arithmetic, I might want to look to proceed with my expert improvement with an objective of taking on administrative obligations. The course that I am applying for would help me in improving my capacity to fundamentally assess, contextualize and convey all types of money related data that would increase the value of my association that I would work in. Bookkeeping and Financial Management and Mathematics BA Degree, Sheffield University Management School has been getting a calculable degree of national accreditation and has been favored by a huge gathering of understudies. The college invests wholeheartedly in offering a rich learning condition where one can build up his own proficient skills and learn through commonsense encounters. The learning procedure is stretched out through cooperative collaboration orchestrated by the concerned offices, and other experiential chances. Graduates from the college get the chance to work for presumed organizations, for example, Amazon, Barclays, Deloitte, Marks Spencer, KPMG, and Tesco where they are employed in divisions, for example, bookkeeping, human asset the executives, data frameworks, and tasks the executives. Realizing the systems to manage the continually advancing worldwide market, the alumni of this college have earned a name for themselves by working with worldwide organizations where they show their comprehension of social and social parts of dealing with a worldwide scale. I am anticipating working at such a level and put my earnest attempts to be perceived as a fruitful bookkeeping and fund investigator. The course would help me in building up the center abilities required to work in an objective driven association where I can guarantee my expert turn of events. I am certain that all through the course I would get the chance to work with understudies originating from various foundations who might have a wide scope of handy encounters. Association with my friends would make the systems administration agreeable separated from helpful for my future. Going to my subtleties, I might want to make reference to that I came to UK in the year 2012 with the point of having a fruitful vocation. I have consistently had a style in science that I in the long run picked as my calling. Two of my preferred zones of science have been numerical examination and propelled analytics. I have consistently felt an inspiration to fathom numerical calculations and perform nitty gritty examination of numerical techniques. I have created essential thoughts of procedures for taking care of issues in math and discovering answers for issues of reconciliation and separation over bends, volumes and surfaces have consistently entranced me. Previously, I have increased significant involvement with working at a café where I was qualified for oversee bookkeeping undertakings. While working at the café, I have discovered that relationship building abilities and cooperation are fundamental for working in any association separated structure center subject information. Drawing bits of knowledge from the experience I might want to feature that my concentration in future is participate in successful correspondence with my companions and work towards the equivalent hierarchical goal through coordinated effort and collaboration. I might want to educate about my scholarly capabilities that have empowered me to apply for the referenced course. I have gotten a math GCSE An evaluation. At present, I am contemplating Access to HE Diploma (Humanities and Social Science) that is a Level capability planning understudies without conventional capabilities for learning at college. Students of this course progress to Higher Education concentrates in territories, for example, arithmetic, IT, humanism, English language studies, brain science and history. End: I have the possibility that a record and money master needs to work with expense forms, databases and fiscal reports. A lot of transferrable aptitudes are essential for me to move to various jobs in the association I would work with. Through the experience that I have picked up, I realize that a bookkeeper has to realize how to impart bookkeeping standards through a typical language. I would guarantee that I speak with people from all degrees of the association. As the colloquialism goes, bookkeeping is the language of business. I trust I would show the capacity to deal with enormous amounts of data that is a piece of data preparing framework. Getting took on an IT course may be beneficial for me at any phase as bookkeepers are to be knowledgeable in PC use. It is basic for any person to have leisure activities and individual interests that support the expert execution. My leisure activities are playing badminton, tuning in to music of the sentimental class. In spare time I appreciate watching motion pictures and like to keep myself educated about the present undertakings by perusing the paper. I have faith in keeping up an appropriate work-life balance and participating in such extra-curricular exercises would guarantee the equivalent.

Free Essays on School Uniforms

State funded educational systems the nation over are presently expecting understudies to wear outfits. Could regalia truly have any kind of effect in a child’s scholastic execution? Wouldn't garbs encroach the child’s inventiveness and self articulation? The garments don't make the kid right (Hempill A15)? Wrong. School regalia can radically decrease school brutality and help an understudy to concentrate on school work. In 1996, President Clinton supported government funded school regalia in his State of the Association Address(Atkins 42). This made a wrath among some instruction pundits the nation over. Pundits gripe that garbs will decrease children’s independence and inventiveness, encroaching students’ rights and trace of prejudice. While defenders accept, garbs will put the understudies accentuation on homework as opposed to dressing coolly, and they will assist with bringing down school savagery. The thought originates from a Californian grade school in Long Beach. In 1994, Long Beach turned into the nation's first government funded school region to initiate a required uniform policy(Atkins 42). The outcomes were promising to such an extent that they lead to the President’s support. The school saw a fifty-one percent drop in physical battles, a thirty-four percent drop in attacks and batteries, a 50% drop in weapons offenses, and a thirty-two percent drop in school suspensions(Mancini 65). This in a period range of just a single year. Demonstrating that a child’s garments makes a distinction in school viciousness. In when younger students are getting executed for architect coats and shoes, outfits are actually what our kids need(Mancini 63). Pundits state that school uniform restrain self articulation. In the event that you remove a kid's self articulation through attire, you power that kid to communicate his or herself in different manners. This may even power a kid to turn to much increasingly brutal types of articulation, as through composition and craftsmanship. In today’s society, understudies are fightin... Free Essays on School Uniforms Free Essays on School Uniforms School Uniforms Quite a while back I would contend that wearing school regalia encroaches on opportunity of self-articulation and distinction but at this point I’m more seasoned I bolster the wearing of school garbs in government funded school at the basic, center and furthermore secondary school levels. School outfits may not take care of the issue of savagery or troublesome conduct in the government funded schools, however it is a positive development. The usage of regalia can advance great request and control, impart regard, diminish the opposition/jealousy of brand-name garments, and give a genuine learning condition. Companion pressure in school can be overpowering. Now and again peer weight can allure understudies to do things they may not ordinarily do. Keeping with In-Style garments and adornments at school can be genuinely burdening to understudies and costly to the guardians. These kinds of issues in some cases eclipse the significance of scholastics in state funded schools. Nobody ever needs to be derided for what sort of attire the person in question may wear to class. A few kids who go to government funded schools may originate from low-salary families, which make them stand apart among their friends. School garbs can help limit a portion of these issues. They help decline the damaging rivalry among understudies to wear the up-to-date equips. The garbs can help low-salary youngsters feel all the more separated of the school condition. Garbs can likewise be monetarily valuable to families, Instead of purchasing our youngsters image name shoes and creator attire, guardians could be purchasi ng a couple of sets of outfits and purchase popular apparel for after school wear. Most nearby retailers offer school regalia at moderate costs. In certain regions, for example, Baltimore Maryland guardians can present a solicitation to the school for their kids to get money related guide with apparel so as to hold fast to the school uniform arrangement. School garbs motivate understudies to turn out to be separated of a group, as opposed to being a solitary player. Some ... Free Essays on School Uniforms Executing School Uniforms â€Å"A youngster was mercilessly beaten today when he retaliated against another understudy who attempted to take his fresh out of the plastic new sneakers.† This is a feature that is turning into very natural to us. In the previous hardly any years, city schools have had various major issues concerning understudies being criticized or being assaulted basically as a result of their clothing. School used to be a sheltered spot for kids to get the hang of during the day. Understudies ought not be hesitant to go to class, however regularly that is the situation. They need to live with the dread of being harmed or derided by different understudies that regard them to appear as something else. Ordinarily in our general public the class structure is regularly uncovered through material things. Kids are frequently protected from this, yet it gets obvious in the garments they wear to class. Regardless of whether it is a rich child who winds up in peril for having more, or a poor chil d who is criticized for not having enough, this is an issue that should be settled. School authorities in numerous city schools have started to direct this issue by making it obligatory that the understudies wear regalia. This is a legitimate answer for an issue that multiple occasions keeps youngsters from accepting appropriate training. Outfits ought to be actualized to forestall these conditions, which have a tremendous effect on the instructing procedure in our government funded schools all through the country. At the point when you catch wind of the brutality that plagues today’s schools, regalia are typically the primary appropriate answer for the issue. Outfits keep on being an up and coming issue in the brains of school authorities, guardians, and even the President. In the article titled, â€Å"Uniforms, Expulsions Not Just for Private Schools† it expresses that; President Bill Clinton advanced garbs in government funded schools in his State of the Union Address in January or 1996, when he lauded them as â€Å"a approach to advance wellbeing and control in schools†. Clinton additionally expressed: I challenge al... Free Essays on School Uniforms School Uniforms Quite a while back I would contend that wearing school garbs encroaches on opportunity of self-articulation and uniqueness but at this point I’m more seasoned I bolster the wearing of school outfits in state funded school at the basic, center and furthermore secondary school levels. School regalia may not take care of the issue of viciousness or problematic conduct in the government funded schools, yet it is a positive development. The usage of regalia can advance great request and order, convey regard, lessen the opposition/jealousy of brand-name dress, and give a genuine learning condition. Companion pressure in school can be overpowering. On occasion peer weight can lure understudies to do things they may not ordinarily do. Keeping with In-Style attire and embellishments at school can be sincerely burdening to understudies and costly to the guardians. These kinds of issues in some cases eclipse the significance of scholastics in government funded schools. Nobody ever needs to be derided for what sort of apparel the person may wear to class. A few youngsters who go to state funded schools may originate from low-pay families, which make them stand apart among their friends. School regalia can help limit a portion of these issues. They help decline the dangerous rivalry among understudies to wear the a la mode equips. The outfits can help low-salary youngsters feel all the more separated of the school condition. Outfits can likewise be monetarily helpful to families, Instead of purchasing our kids image name shoes and architect dress, guardians could be purchasing a coupl e of sets of regalia and purchase in vogue apparel for after school wear. Most nearby retailers offer school regalia at moderate costs. In certain zones, for example, Baltimore Maryland guardians can present a solicitation to the school for their youngsters to get money related guide with garments so as to cling to the school uniform approach. School garbs motivate understudies to turn out to be separated of a group, as opposed to being a solitary player. Some ... Free Essays on School Uniforms Government funded educational systems the nation over are presently expecting understudies to wear outfits. Will garbs truly have any kind of effect in a child’s scholarly execution? Wouldn't garbs encroach the child’s innovativeness and self articulation? The garments don't make the kid right (Hempill A15)? Wrong. School regalia can definitely lessen school savagery and help an understudy to concentrate on school work. In 1996, President Clinton supported government funded school outfits in his State of the Association Address(Atkins 42). This made a fury among some training pundits the nation over. Pundits gripe that regalia will reduce children’s independence and inventiveness, encroaching students’ rights and trace of prejudice. While advocates accept, garbs will put the understudies accentuation on homework as opposed to dressing coolly, and they will assist with bringing down school viciousness. The thought originates from a Californian primary school in Long Beach. In 1994, Long Beach turned into the nation's first government funded school region to initiate an obligatory uniform policy(Atkins 42). The outcomes were promising to such an extent that they lead to the President’s support. The school saw a fifty-one percent drop in physical battles, a thirty-four percent drop in attacks and batteries, a 50% drop in weapons offenses, and a thirty-two percent drop in school suspensions(Mancini 65). This in a period length of just a single year. Demonstrating that a child’s garments makes a distinction in school viciousness. In when younger students are getting executed for creator coats and shoes, outfits are actually what our kids need(Mancini 63). Pundits state that school uniform restrain self articulation. On the off chance that you remove a kid's self articulation through garments, you power that kid to communicate his or herself in different manners. This may even

Vodafones Organizational Capabilities Analysis free essay sample

Reconsidering universal technique Consulting Mandate Table of Contents 1 Introduction Vodafone PLC is a traded on an open market British media transmission global. The period of Vodafone began in 1984 and has from that point forward experienced emotional inside and outer improvement stages. Phases of Vodafone’s improvement can be isolated into numerous laps, each lap under an alternate bureau of its different CEOs. In the wake of having been gotten open 1988, Vodafone commenced its global development by obtaining minority stakes in different remote telecom organizations, following with numerous joint endeavors inside nations that were going to dispatch their cell systems. Under the bureau of Chris Gent as Vodafone’s CEO, the organization definitely extended the arrangement of its abroad acquisitions. Arun Sarin, who started the One Vodafone venture, boosting economies of scale, at that point succeeded him. The One Vodafone was to bind together and streamline the company’s structure. This primarily included reshaping authoritative outlines and incorporating Vodafone as a worldwide brand. We will compose a custom paper test on Vodafones Organizational Capabilities Analysis or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page When Vodafone’s current CEO, Vittorio Colao, took over in 2008 he set up a lot of clear objectives for the organization to seek after. These for the most part centered around â€Å"improvement of operational execution, [ ] quest for development openings, [and] increment in investor returns†. (Colao, 2008, refered to in Grant Jordan, 2011, p. 1 2) First consequences of Coleo’s recently received procedures came up positive yet the worries emerged around Vodafone’s long haul methodologies regarding its universal nearness. In order to help Vodafone seek after the previously mentioned objectives, we were appointed a counseling command to assess the accompanying questions: 1-Are Vodafone’s hierarchical capacities effectively lined up with their present system? If not, how might they improve them so as to develop inside the serious market they are confronting? 2-Does Vodafone’s authoritative structure empower them to attempt proficient dynamic procedures? If not, what sort of authoritative structure ought to Vodafone receive? So as to build up a lot of proposals, the present methodology is first dismantled into its four parts and for each the authoritative capacities required are recognized. In a subsequent advance, we characterize Vodafone’s current capacities and decide the holes to be shut. Subsequent to having done as such, we give proposals on the most proficient method to close the authoritative holes by alluding to the three influence focuses, hierarchical structure, the board inclinations and administration conduct. 2 Vodafone’s current procedure and required abilities To ensure Vodafone’s worldwide methodology is reliable with its association, the necessary authoritative capacities must be resolved. So as to do as such, the technique is broken into its four segments, objectives, item advertise center, center exercises and offer. In a resulting way, the hierarchical capacities important to satisfy every one must be set up. (Crossan et al. , 2013, p. 160) Goals Every procedure follows a specific arrangement of objectives. For Vodafone said set comprises of three sections. Right off the bat, top operational execution is accomplished through cost cutting and unrivaled client care. Besides, development in developing markets, portable information administrations and complete telecom answers for business clients prompts the main or the second situation in each market. In conclusion, Vodafone builds its investor returns by adjusting specific venture and disinvestment. (Award Jordan, 2011, p. 1 2) To achieve those objectives, Vodafone as to constantly improve its capacity to reduce expenses, develop in developing markets and create an overflow structure ventures and divestments in the long haul. Item Market Focus Working in more than 52 nations, Vodafone plans to give high-class remote correspondences and portable administrations, coordinated business arrangements and versatile promoting (Vodafone, 2014). With its worldwide degree and business yet additionally private clients as customers, the meaning of a â€Å"market† can shift. Markets for broadcast communications can for this situation either be controlled by their topographical area or by their clients. While corporate customers profit by a â€Å"seamless† wandering, particularly while working universally, littler customers get won’t recognize the administration offered by a solitary, global supplier. So as to build up the correct item showcase center, the correct objective markets must be recognized and advancement must be encouraged successively. Incentive As expressed previously, Vodafone expects to give high-class administrations. In this way as opposed to testing its rivals on value, client esteem is made through premium administrations and separation. The worldwide extension permits the client to profit by top notch gathering around the world, consistently offered by Vodafone and without esteem diminishing capture attempts in the system.  A solid incentive requires the capacity to offer prevalent information administrations and predominant client administrations, continually pushing one-advance forward of rivalry. Center Activities When working all around, the center exercises must be built up in a structure that permits the organization to profit by cooperative energies and universal joining. For Vodafone center exercises center around obtainment, worldwide advancement of items and administrations, promoting and brand improvement and administration capacities. In the event that center exercises are to be performed proficiently and adequately, it isn't just important to adjust the requirement for coordination and cooperative energies with nearby activities and to adjust to industry changes, yet in addition to have a well working company. This implies, back-room frameworks need to run easily, economies in gear buy must be acknowledged and know-how must be transferrable starting with one unit then onto the next. Additionally the worldwide degree must be moved into client worth and accordingly an upper hand. 3 Identifying Vodafone’s Organizational Capabilities As the technique has been separated into segments, it is presently important to recognize Vodafones existing capacities as for every part. The outline of these capacities has been added to the current report. Presently, there are two principle abilities that encourage the achievement of Vodafones objectives. Initially, there is the capacity to develop in developing markets. Between the years 2005 and 2008, Vodafone had shown that it had the option to enter developing markets and to develop inside these business sectors through acquisitions in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. Besides, Vodafone has the capacity to create long haul benefits from ventures and divestments. Truth be told, this ability is a key so as to make investor returns. As appeared in table 1 of Grant and Jordan’s contextual analysis (2011, p. 2), Vodafone acknowledged nonstop, positive free incomes somewhere in the range of four and seven billion pounds during the years 2005 to 2011. Concerning the item advertise center, there is one primary capacity that can be related to the organization, the capacity to distinguish potential objective markets. Vodafone has demonstrated that it is continually and effectively looking for new objective markets to endeavor and its capacity to extend their universal extension. With inventive tasks in Kenya, Asia and Eastern Europe, Vodafone further settled a worldwide nearness. (Award Jordan, 2011) Vodafone has four fundamental capacities as for its center exercises. Right off the bat, because of its universal extension, Vodafone can move consistent associations into costumer esteem. The organization is along these lines ready to furnish incorporated answers for organizations with global capacities. Littler firms and private clients anyway don’t advantage as much from a worldwide accomplice as most residential suppliers offer great wandering administrations through accomplice understandings. Because of the huge circulation of fix costs, Vodafone can offer limited time arrangements to little customers and accordingly permit them to profit by a bound together supplier. Furthermore, by defending its back-room frameworks Vodafone disposes of costs that don't create an incentive for the costumers and fortifies the hierarchical structure. Thirdly, because of the universal extension, economies in buying hardware can be figured it out. In conclusion, the capacity to abuse learning and information move is straightforwardly connected to the necessary capacity to advance new ages of voice and information administrations. So as to improve these capacities Vodafone rebuilt the association in 2011 (Grant Jordan, 2011, p. 9 16) Finally, as for Vodafones incentive, the companys primary capacity is being ableâ to offer prevalent client care. This capacity is shown by the satisfaction of three rules: viable conveyance to costumers, short reaction time and responsivenessâ to clients needs. So as to satisfy these rules, Vodafone supports an innovative attitude and furnishes every one of its organization with provoking missions to achieve (Grant Jordan, 2011, p. 8). All in all, Vodafone discards a few essential capacities yet at the same time can improve its capacities to adjust to industry changes and to develop new ages of voice and information administrations. Likewise the capacity to adjust the requirement for coordination and collaborations with neighborhood activities has not been immaculate. Anyway those capacities are resolved back to front. Toward the end the client decides how imaginative Vodafone is or whether its client support is prevalent (Crossan et al. , 2013, p. 161). 4 Developing New Organizational Capabilities Now that we’ve distinguished the authoritative holes, we create ne

Conformity by Rebellion free essay sample

The American lifestyle has decimated our distinction while professing to take into account it, and the regular relationship Of society has been undermined by the screeches Of broad communications and the desk area ranches they call working environments. We are for the most part preparing for some substantial sit, all around the globe. The elitists are assembling their senseless investment opportunity designs, the Pakistanis are hurting for jihad against India, the significant marks are investing more energy than at any other time to soak our way of life with Limp Backbit bullwhip and kill Anapest while theyre at it.To me, it fits together like a riddle. Its all related. This is in excess of a grumbling about social contrasts. Its about human instinct. Stick around; I want to demonstrate this. The nonconformist and monstrosity crowds would have us accept than they are the sole bastions of non-congruity and acknowledgment left in America. They are definitely not. I truly detest stories like Hans Christian Andersens The Ugly Duckling. Not every odd one out transform into swans. A few of us transform into revolting ducks. We have to figure out how to acknowledge it, and to find that being a revolting duck isnt actually essentially such terrible, cause going with the group isnt consistently the best or most fulfilling approach to go, regardless of whether it seems like the least demanding I was never one who fit in with my friends. From the day I started school at five years old, clearly I was some way or another not quite the same as the remainder of them. Since I was hyperactive, sort of timid, and too savvy to be in any way famous, infrequently had numerous companions, and on occasion got myself a subject of criticism, ridiculing, and through and through abuse.My first ploy, which went on for various years, was to endeavor to accommodate. This was a lot of a disappointment. Its essentially inconceivable for a square peg to fit into a re-imagined and consistently bored round gap. So attempt as I would to slam myself into the satisfactory reality, I couldnt, and it was obvious to all the decent, gloss y adorable minimal round pegs that I was a wannabes. So I went the other way. At around the age of eleven, turned into a revolutionary. I purposely swam upstream; purposefully kicking each show I could consider. Mineral odd gems, which got me a significant notoriety. I got my ears pierced in weird manners in a time where double piercing were irregular; I wore Odd garments, similar to pants with gaps in them (when they became stylish a couple of ears later I quit wearing them). I made a special effort to pester, stun, and aggravate the fundamentally regular workers and white collar class individuals around me. Indeed, I was as yet a pariah. Truly, was all the while drawing a great deal of negative remarks and being singled out, however felt as though I were in charge (at any rate more in charge) since I was currently planning something for attract criticism.I arrived at where kind of invested wholeheartedly in having the option to irritate the ordinary by having the astonishing boldness to appear as something else. At that point, at some point, I understood, indeed, that wasnt such progressive. I was following a settled example and advertisement a great deal just the same as the various radicals. Was extraordinary, much the same as them. Also, honestly, I wasnt such radical. I mean I had purple hair, however not a Mohawk, facial penetrating or anything truly stunning. I was only an insubordinate child trying too hard to find something. I had conformed.By attempting to be distinctive by being provocative and stunning, I had become quite recently like all the others. I had become simply one more sheep in the group. I decided to consider the sonnet by Laurence Dunbar, We Wear The Mask. The sonnet shows how individuals wear a veneer from the world. We as a whole wear veils before others whether it is reposeful or normally. It shows how individuals shroud the manner in which they truly feel. It appears to be such a significant number of individuals in this world wear covers. Such a large number of are reluctant to show others what theyre truly like. Its astounding what issues can emerge out of it; Problems that might not have existed if the veils werent there.Everyone wishes to feel acknowledged throughout everyday life, and the character in Dunbar sonnet is no special case. We wish to fit in with our friends, so we wear the cover that smiles and lies. (Dunbar, ). We will shroud what we truly feel so we may feel acknowledged. Then again, nobody likes being mortified. It is an Orrville experience and a great many people would effectively keep away from it. Most would wear a veil while grinning with torn and draining hearts. (Dunbar, So we shroud our actual sentiments to keep away from mortification. Along these lines, one uses a veil to conceal behind.Whether it is from embarrassment or rejection, individuals will utilize covers to shroud their actual feelings, and imagine that everything OK. Everybody has their own veils to wear. A few people wear their veils by decision, different occasions it is simply loathsome destiny that individuals end up with what they have. NOTHING is great. Be that as it may, simultaneously, flawlessness lies in the defective world. I realize that seems like an opposing comment Be that as it may, flawlessness is something to discover. Our own hands can't make it; its something that the destinies can just control.Embrace confusion before it chomps you in the ass. That is my idea for the afternoon. The subject of W. H. Stifles Unknown Citizen not just has to do with one specific keeps an eye on life, however could apply to the life of pretty much anybody. The topic of the sonnet is that the man being talked about in this area is an inside and out ordinary person. A large number of his traits take after the average individual. W. H. Aden improves this sonnet by having a verifiable topic as well as using such components of verse, for example, rhyme, speaker, setting, and situation.A saint framework is conventions by which certain individuals subject to the prizes they get and what they have achieved get reputation and exposure. The legend framework in our nation doesn't profit the individuals of this country in any style. All Americas saint framework does is give the overall population amusement. Addends Unknown Citizen encapsulates the possibility of a man left to spoil in a general public that he has given his business to. In his sonnet this individual .NET through life working for the benefit of all of a network, which he might not have totally concurred with.He worked for it at any rate. He worked for his family. He took care of his association obligations as an image of trust in the decency that the many could do, yet he didn't get a gravestone with his name on it upon his passing. Aden gives the peruser an away from of how apparently immaterial this dedicated individual was to society. Not exclusively does a saint framework exist in America today, yet in addition, similarly as in Addends sonnet, numerous persevering Americans go ungratified for their difficult work and devotion. There are numerous reasons that Aden may have composed a sonnet about such a shut disapproved society.It would appear that Addends Unknown Citizen may be sentencing himself to an existence of difficult work and dissatisfaction without satisfaction. The opposite side of the range uncovers a significantly progressively communist thought. How significant is it that individuals constantly should be perceived for the work they do. How can it be that individuals cant simply do beneficial things for their locale and sit back to appreciate them instead of getting all particular about whether or not they will get anything for it. Is the smugness not enough?It appears just as it was for Addends Unknown Citizen, yet I can't help suspecting that there are individuals out there that give of themselves to benefit the network and the nation that do merit acknowledgment for their endeavors. Cops, firemen, and educators simply start a not insignificant rundown of came up short on and undervalued work titles in America today. That does exclude that a huge number of Americans that do social or volunteer network work during their own opportunity to help better the security that tie American people group together.So at long last, this man kicked the bucket, he educated by regular norms, yet these guidelines were made by similarity. The association itself is some type of resistance. By being separated of that gathering, he fit in with the agitators measures. A social development is a social development; be it flower child, skater punk, rave junk or something else. No one needs the entire world to live in harmony as one major upbeat family. Its in opposition to nature. We as a whole need to be the bodhisattva in the streaming robes who directs the gospel to the remainder of the world. Furthermore, that is not the manner in which things work. This world has champs and washouts, nerds and famous kids.Junior high pupates itself until you are dead. So whats a renegade to do? Dont know. Have a go at perusing. Jack Kerouac isn't even now a smash hit creator on account of his cool Gap khakis. A country of individuals clamor t follow Lenin into very nearly 80 years of collectivist absurdity on account of his natty goatee and charming accent. Or then again have a go at recollecting these basic principles: 1. ) Rebellion is free. 2. ) Rebellion doesn't come in six unique hues. 3. ) Rebellion doesn't have a soundtrack and a film bargain in progress. 4. ) Rebellion isn't found in a penetrating store, tattoo parlor, medicate store, hash pipe or a Question Titration film.

A Life Experience Living with a Foreign Exchange Student - 1375 Words

A Life Experience: Living with a Foreign Exchange Student (Article Critique Sample) Content: A Life Experience: Living with a Foreign Exchange Student Name: Institution: A Life Experience: Living with a Foreign Exchange Student Elaborated and Restricted Codes by Bernstein Communication is an important part of any relationship and determines the ultimate success and length of the relationship. In this case, I will be having a foreign exchange student from Denmark coming to live with me in California meaning that constant communication will be required to ensure that our friendship thrives. Since we will be attending the same school, we will be together every day of the year meaning that we will have to interact often. According to Bernstein, social structure determines the regulation of behaviors meaning that people from a different social structure tend to have difficulties when interacting with others (Bernstein, 1964, p.58). Coming from different social cultures, both of us have developed elaborated codes since childhood that guide our a bility to scan situations, analyse the meaning of such situations and ultimately develop a planning process that will enable us to make a decision on the verbal channel to be used. Such differences will allows us to make the necessary adjustments so that we can be able to communicate effectively despite the different social cultures. Additionally, if the planning process in conceptualizing speech is not properly coherent, then a person is most likely to express him/herself through extra-verbal means. This means that if we both developed in a restricted code where speech or extra-verbal codes are required, a problem may arise when any of us are trying to find a stable ground to express ourselves. Developing the correct strategy when communicating will go a long way in ensuring that we are both on the same track and can contribute to the relationship positively. Therefore, it is important for both of us to develop an understanding of our backgrounds to ensure that we are able to comm unicate to each other effectively and efficiently. Religion as a cultural symbol by Geertz Religion is a very important aspect that determines social behavior since different religions tend to have social and moral codes that are taught and experienced. Different countries have different types of religions hence having a friend from a foreign country living with me may mean that we may have different beliefs. This means that we may have different standpoints when it comes to moral issues and socially accepted ideals hence the need for better understanding of both our backgrounds. Geertz explains culture as a system of complex symbols that are sources of extrinsic information. Culture is mostly programmed from a set of both intrinsic and extrinsic sources hence showing that people tend to behave in a particular way due to how they have been brought up (Geertz, 1973, p.89). Since religion is cultivated from the different cultures, both I and the foreign exchange student will have d ifferent moods and motivations that will guide our behaviors. We will both tend to act in a way that is symbolized by our different religions as morally upright and correct hence our differences can be seen from this point of view. Our two different cultures play a huge role on what we believe in while at the same time motivating what we feel towards people or things. Moreover, religion is not a barrier and can act as a learning tool to accept different people and their beliefs. By having a foreign exchange student living with me, we will both be able to learn from each other and come to accept our differences with time. This means that we will have time to get to know what each religion we follow stands for while learning new things such as accepting new ideals that are culturally acceptable from our different backgrounds. This will foster our friendship since we will be at a stage where we understand religion as a cultural symbol in both our cases. Culture in Action by Swidler Different countries have different cultures that shape people’s behavior hence it is important to learn about a different culture to enable one be aware of what is and is not acceptable according to them. In our case, both of us will have different cultural values that we have developed living in our societies hence getting to learn a few new things will go a long way in ensuring that we do not unintentionally wrong each other. According to this article, human beings are mostly motivated by both material and ideal interests that are symbolic to their lives. This means that each culture has a specific set of actions that it affects hence leading to the different values attached to them (Swidler, 1986, p.274). Culture has a huge influence on the type of action to be taken in different situations hence plays a role in types of strategies that are put in place. In our case, the structural changes that might be experienced will force each one of us to invoke our different culture to explain ourselves. Under new circumstances, both of us may be forced to each act according to our normal cultures to preserve our habits that we learned to accept over time. This means that each action that we may take may be dependent on our cultures since we are both programmed to act in a certain type of way when encountering different situations. However, learning from each other can enable a proper understanding to ensure that as much as culture is integrated with action, it is also important to gauge situations to fit both cultural and structural circumstances that might come our way. Such understanding is important for both of us since it will enable us to create a long lasting bond that will remain even after the 1 year has expired. By putting our individual interests behind us, we can be able to come up with idealistic measures that go further than our expectations when it comes to matters that are in direct correlation with our different cultures. Interaction Ritual by Goffman Differe...

Global-Geopolitics Term Paper - 550 Words

Global-Geopolitics (Term Paper Sample) Content: GLOBAL GEOPOLITICS: MILITARY REVIEWName:Course:Date:Global Geopolitics: Military ReviewGeopolitics refers to the contention between the aspiring superpowers and great powers for control over resources, territory, and geographical positions including oases, river systems, canals, harbors, and ports. Taking the United States as a case study, geopolitics in the 20th century defined its foreign policy. For this reason, the countrys successive presidents were in pursuit of prohibiting states from controlling centers of strategic power including Asia and Europe, the reason for its involvement in a war with the Soviet Union. However, the paper aims to analyze global geopolitics from a military point of view.Critical Analysis of Global Geopolitics Geopolitics as an ideology was prevalent in the early twentieth and late nineteenth century. As an ideology, it primarily focused on acquiring colonies in distinct geographic locations. Such mode of thinking resulted in the emerge nce of First World War as well as the conflict between the late Victorian Britain and the Third Republic France. The Spanish-American war was also as a consequence of global geopolitics. Besides, the invasion of Philippines and the Spanish-American war was immediately followed by the capture of Panama. All these incidents were justified and triggered by the geopolitical ideology. Moreover, the Japanese militarists made use of the geopolitical ideology to justify and explain their expansionist behavior. However, the Japanese expansion behavior jeopardized the opposing powers geopolitical interests resulting in the emergence of World War II.From an in-depth analysis of the Cold War, it is evident that the explicit conflicts that emerged were as a result of geopolitical orientation. As a consequence of these conflicts, the Middle East including its oil reserves were to be controlled by the United States. This formed the basis of the Carter Doctrine, Eisenhower Doctrine, and the Truma n Doctrine. The 1947 Truman Doctrine primary objective was to oppose incursions upon Turkey and Greece. However, the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine confirmed that the United States was ready to utilize armed forces in helping nations in the Middle East, especially those threatened by global communism. In contrast, the Carter Doctrine of 1980 pointed out that any attempt by external forces to take charge of the Persian Gulf Region was an assault on the United States core interests. For this reason, the United States controlled various parts of Africa because they were endowed with mineral wealth including platinum, cobalt, and copper. Likewise, to control the Pacific Rim, the U.S supported the Vietnam War and Korean War to safeguard its interests.The United States as the Global PowerCurrently, the United States is considered the world power because of its military capability both in the air, at sea, and on land. The military gap between the United States and other countries across the gl obe is widening at a rapid rate. For i...

Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism Essay

Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism It is hard to believe that in 2002 there is still imperialism being practiced in the world, but the fact of the matter is, it is. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s territory or power by establishing dominance over other nations. A modern example of imperialism is the Congo. At the 1885 Berlin Conference, where the European powers carved up most of Africa among themselves, they sanctioned the claim of Belgian King Leopold II to sole authority over the Congo, a land mass 75 times the area of Belgium. The Congo was virtually his private property. He wiped out some 10 million people, around half the population, in his determination to extract every†¦show more content†¦However, Lumumba’s intentions became clear from his Independence Day speech. He said, We have known sarcasm and insults, endured blows morning, noon and night because we were niggers... We have seen our lands despoiled under the terms of what was supposedly the law of the lad but which only recognised the right of the strongest. We have seen that this law was quite different for a white than for a black: accommodating for the former, cruel and inhuman for the latter. It is evident from this excerpt that Lumumba’s Congo would not be one where the Belgians could remain in complete control. The imperialist powers, led by Washington together with Brussels, undertook a series of operations designed to undermine the new Lumumba-led government. Less than two weeks after Congos independence, the former Belgian rulers succeeded in organizing a secessionist movement in the province of Katanga, where U.S. and European companies had vast mineral holdings. On July 11, 1960, Moise Tshombe, a wealthy businessman and leader of the UCOL party who bitterly opposed Lumumba, declared Katangas separation from the Congo. UCOL originally stood for the Union for Colonization but then was later changed to the Union for the Collaboration of the Middle Classes in Katanga due to the feverish anti-colonial spirit in the Congo. Brussels sent 10,000 troops to Katanga toShow MoreRelatedNotes18856 Words   |  76 PagesIndividuals like l Dr. David Livingstone were able to combine missionary activities with extensive scientific research and geographic investigations. To this day, Africa remains a favorite destination for missionaries. The third reason was based on imperialism, the desire by European patriots to contribute to their country’s grandeur by laying claim to other countries in distant lands. Imperial Germany’s Karl Peters’ adventures M04_KHAF1713_04_SE_C04.indd 101 1/18/12 10:30 AM  102 C ha

During the 1960’s a woman’s role in society was greatly...

During the 1960’s a woman’s role in society was greatly changed through both social and legal means. Women’s rights movements in the United States date back to 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, but were greatly ignored after women were granted the right to vote in 1920 by the nineteenth amendment. Many reasons contributed to the reemergence of women’s movements but the most prevalent is the end of World War II in 1945. During World War II, more than three million women of all classes of society voluntarily exchanged their aprons and jobs as a house wives and took up real tools in factories. Women working in industrial jobs during World War II affected the mind set of both men and women about the full capabilities of women. People could†¦show more content†¦The commission worked to end job discrimination through legal means. The National Organization for Women (NOW), whose goal it was to give women â€Å"equality of opportunity and freedom of c hoice†, also fought for women’s rights and to get men and women the same job benefits. The EEOC, NOW and organizations like it assured profound change for women by allowing them a legal opportunity to file suit against discriminatory organizations. By the end of the 1960’s women significantly changed their position in society and law and overcame sexism in several ways including breaking into male-dominated fields, moderate and radical thinking, breaking down male power structures and through cultural expressions. Although women experienced profound cultural change during the 1960’s many things including a male dominated society, the classic perception of women and opposition to equal work undermined women’s movements. Since the birth of the United States, men dominated almost every part of society. This did not change much during the 1960’s. Other movements, including the civil rights and anti-war movements, were controlled by men. This repr esents American’s view of women as being inferior to men. Women were kept behind closed doors during these movements because it was not seen as lady-like to publically protest and fight injustices in society. Men also dominated politics duringShow MoreRelatedSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with change in the existing conditions of the social, political, and economic spectrums. These social changes involved challenges to the conservative status quo of the time. Parts that contributed to this social revolution were new developments in the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civilRead MoreThe Rise And Influence Of The Feminist Movement1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Influence of the Feminist Movement in the 1970’s Throughout history, America has often distinguished men as primary leaders who have the utmost dominance. Whether it is the political, economical, or social status of a person, men have persistently controlled –with few rights given to women. For centuries, women were treated as their husband’s property; they did not have legal rights of any kind when it came to money and did not have management over their earnings (History-World)Read MoreWomen in World War Ii2579 Words   |  11 Pagesgender roles? * * The Second World War dramatically changed the lives of women in both Canada and the United States, on every level from political, to social, to sexual. Further, the changes in women’s lives during this time were not merely temporary reactions to a current situation, but rather were profound societal changes that would forever alter the place of women, and men, in modern society. Before the war, women were cast as the â€Å"homemaker†, and their principal duty was to bearRead MoreEffects of Abortion on the Father6404 Words   |  26 Pagesmore than just women. However, in society today women are the only ones who decide if the baby or fetus will live or die. Does giving the expectant mother all of the rights in determining if her unborn child will live or die create a division within the family structure? Does it mean that she has more rights to the baby or fetus than the father? Abortion can have traumatic effects on the paternal (father) parent as well as the maternal (mother) parent; both may develop emotional distress andRead MoreAfrican Americans During The 20th Century3084 Words   |  13 Pages When looking at the social changes in American culture at the turn of the century, we see extraordinary differences in the accepted behaviours and thoughts of American citizens. The century saw a major shift in the way that people lived, with changes in politics, society, culture, economics, and technology. At the beginning of the century, discrimination based on race and sex was significant, but by the end of the 20th century, women had the same legal rights as men and racism had come toRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling And Gender Gap Between Women And Men3334 Words   |  14 Pagesgender gap between women and men in senior leadership positions and discusses possible remedies (Meyerson, D.E. 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It has also been established that there are serious consequential effects that can continue long after the abuse has ended. Focusing specifically on the under-researched area of the woman’s exit, this paper aims to discover the processes involved in moving on from a violentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American

Portugal s International Financial Crisis - 1676 Words

In the most recent of the world’s financial crises everyone has had to find a way to live a little, or in some cases a lot, more frugally. In the case of Portugal who joined the EU in 1986 and adopted the Euro currency in 1999, frugal is no longer enough (European Commission). While they are attempting to squeeze their way into a highly competitive market with exportable products and an appealing labor market for investors, they must also battle the European financial crisis. Not only does the financial crisis have Portuguese consumers zipping up their wallets but it also elicits questions as to whether their government can issue more bonds without defaulting on their current obligations. Portugal currently finds itself having difficulty staying competitive in the world marketplace. While the Portuguese economy lost two of its top industries like textiles and footwear manufacturing to competition from inexpensive Chinese labor, slowing the country’s growth for over a decade, they still have a few leads in the market with reputable products and companies(The importance of, 2010). Portugal’s main pattern of trade is to and from other European Union countries (Trade Profile, 2012). 73% of all exports from Portugal end up in the EU, while 75% of imports also come from the EU (Trade Profile, 2012). According to the CIA World Factbook, Portugal’s main exports now consist of cork, wood, and paper. There are several examples of major Portuguese companies that produceShow MoreRelatedGreece Economic Crisis1636 Words   |  7 Pages| | |GREECE ECONOMIC CRISIS | |Causes Implications | | Read MoreHow The Eurozone Crisis Is The Highest Level Of Public Debt Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages Greek crisis I n recent times, the Subprime mortgage crisis in the US seems to have metamorphosed into the Euro crisis. Since early 201 0, the Eurozone has been facing a major debt crisis. Such countries as Greece, I reland and Portugal have accumulated unsustainable levels of government debt. I n order to avoid the default they had to ask other European countries and the I nternational Monetary Fund ( I MF) for loans. (Nelson, Belkin andRead MoreGreece : What Factors Have Made The Greek Crisis So Important?1749 Words   |  7 Pages Greece Financial Crisis By - Juhi Jani Student id – 056-059-140 IAF620 Professor Name – Al juzukonis August 13, 2015 Greece Crisis What factors have made the Greek crisis so important? Greece is one of the most developed countries but today it has a debt of over 300 billion Euros which began two years ago including purchasing power parity. Greece is ranked 38th and 44th in the world for nominal GDP and purchasing power parity (PPP). The base for Greek crisis is mix of domestic and internationalRead MoreEssay on Globalization Study Greece Economic Crisis975 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Case Study Greek economic crisis Introduction: In September 2009, Greek economic crisis exploded. 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Renewable Energy Sources For Energy - 1540 Words

In recent years there has been great concern over the growing demand for energy, and the lack of non-renewable energy resources to meet the demand in the future. In addition, the question of â€Å"sustainability†;the ability to balance social, economic, and environmental needs in energy production to meet both current and long-term requirements;has come to the forefront. It is clear that America must expand energy production quickly, and that we must develop renewable, sustainable energy sources to meet long-term demand and protect our future. There are many proposed solutions, such as wind and solar power. But the technology for these resources is not yet fully developed, making them, at best, low-output alternatives. Because†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will support this argument by addressing the need for a clean fuel in the US to bridge the gap between non- renewables and renewable energy in the future. The use of hydraulic fracturing dates back to 1947, when Stanolind Oil conducted an experimental fracturing in Kansas. Although this experiment was relatively small compared to the processes used today, it served as a catalyst for advances in hydraulic fracturing. Just two years after the first test of hydraulic fracturing, Halliburton was granted a patent for the new â€Å"Hydrafrac† process. In each gas well that was treated with the new fracturing process, production increased by 75 percent. This type of breakthrough attracted many followers, and soon the process was utilized on thousands of gas wells across the US (â€Å"The History†). The spread of hydraulic fracturing followed the discoveries of shale deposits. The largest deposit is the Marcellus Shale, located in the northeastern part of the US, centering on the state of Pennsylvania. Other areas with significant shale deposits include Texas, North Dakota, Michigan and Wyoming. Hydraulic fracturing has been used on â€Å"over 1 million producing wells† (â€Å"A Historic†), and it is believed to have â€Å"increased US recoverable reserves of oil by at least 30% and of gas by 90%† (â€Å"The History†). The fracturing techniqueShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1120 Words   |  5 PagesAlternate energies are forms of energy that do not deplete natural resources or harm the earth. The sources of the energies are naturally found or generated or are part of a natural conversion from one source into another. Energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted into other forms, therefore there are many reactions occurring around us that allow us to harness these energies. Alternate sources of energy has been extensively researched as a result of the large energy crisis that is being experiencedRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1292 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction. Nowadays, with the continuous increase in the demand for energy consumption resulted by both population and socioeconomic growth, making it a priority to satisfy such a demand for all developed countries. This report aims initially to focus on the energy situation in the United Kingdom, and then present two forms of energy conventional energy in specific coal, and renewable energy which is wind energy, and will finally recommend the most suitable one after comparing and contrastingRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be 60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non-renewable energy sources, like coal and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). But, non-renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the environment, since they generateRead MoreEnergy Of Renewable Energy Sources Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years many endeavors have been devoted to reduce the pollutant energy generation by increasing the utilization of clean energy sources. Actually, the power sector is responsible for roughly a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions [1]. Thus, the widespread introduction of renewable energy sources is seen to be one of the major solutions. Meanwhile, fossil fuel based power plants will still be needed. In any case, fully abstaining from the use of fossil fuels is difficult. Nevertheless,Read MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. 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The idea of sustainabilityRead MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2221 Words   |  9 Pages sources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water,Read MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesSources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, andRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1944 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary The development of renewable and alternative energy is becoming more and more necessary as the traditional fossil fuel energy is a non-renewable energy and can cause various environmental problems such as the global warming effect. However, the challenge today in generating alternative energy is to find a cost effective way while has the smallest harmful environmental impacts. Developing bioenergy have the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emission while creating great economicRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. These include sunlight, the wind, ocean tides, waves, geothermal heat and rain (Tiwari et al., 2012). Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are the kinds that do not renew themselves

Tsarist system of government free essay sample

The Tsarist system of government underwent many changes throughout the years of 1881-1914. Both Alexander III and Nicholas II created several modifications, being both good and bad, to the government during these years. Alexander III created mostly negative changes, due to him being seen as a reactionary, whereas Nicholas II created mainly positive changes to the government as a result of the 1905 revolution. These changes can be categorised into political, economic and social modifications. Alexander III made a few political modifications to the Tsarist government. In 1851, he introduced Land Captains. These meant that people, sometimes locals, could be appointed to have more power over the people within their towns or cities, meaning power was seemingly being more wide spread. However, these lands captains were chosen by the Tsar himself, meaning he could manipulate who had extra power based on what he wanted. Therefore, some could argue that this was a negative modification made to the government. Alexander III also introduced the Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in 1881. This showed the Tsars rejection of democracy and further reform, meaning he had further influence and power over everyone else. He also introduced the Statue of State Security in 1881, which allowed for the Okhrana to have more powers. For example, the Okhrana was now able to break into people’s houses without reason or their consent, meaning the government had further control over the population of Russia. Although Alexander III’s political reforms were mostly bad, the introduction of the Land Captains meant that his power was in fact becoming more widespread amongst the population of Russia, and not all of Russia’s power was given to one person. Therefore, the political reforms made by Alexander III showed a slight modification the government during his reign. Nicholas II also introduced several political reforms. These took place after the 1905 revolution. In 1905, Nicholas issued the October manifesto. This gave people a lot more freedom than they previously had. Freedom of speech, organisation and assembly was now made legal; allowing opposition groups to now be able to be more organised as they were allowed to meet in public. Nicholas also introduced the fundamental laws in 1906, which allowed for the government to become more democratic. Under the fundamental laws, Article 87 was introduced, giving the Tsar the complete right to exercise any policy that he wished, without having to gain permission from the Dumas beforehand. The first State Duma was also introduced under Nicholas II in April 1906, which allowed for the population of Russia to have more of a say in the governments decisions. It was believed that the Duma was a step forwards towards a democracy for Russia; however, the Tsar could change and manipulate the Dumas in whatever way he wished through the use of Article 87, mean they were only put in place to make Russia seem more democratic when in reality it was not. Nicholas II also introduced a pro-government terrorist group called the Black Hundreds in 1905, meaning the government had further control over Russia as they were willing to use violence to get what they wanted. All of these new policies introduced by Nicholas seemed like positive reforms, however Article 87 meant that the Tsar could still pass laws and policies without consulting the Dumas beforehand, so really the Tsar and his power still heavily remained in Russia. The modifications made by Nicholas II throughout the years of his reign drastically changed the Tsarist government, showing the fact that Nicholas’ modifications greatly impacted the Tsarist government. Both of the Tsars between the years 1881-1914 also introduced a range of economic reforms. Under Alexander III were Witte, Bunge and Vysknegradsky. Witte made several economic reforms, including the building of the Trans-Siberian railway in 1891, the increase of foreign loans, the gold standard and industrialisation. All of these meant that Russia was now becoming a much richer country, with more exports going to other countries. The production of coal, iron and oil was majorly increased, meaning the country had a lot more sources of income other than just agriculture. The building of the railway meant that trade was much easier, and therefore the countries income was increased as a result. Despite all of Witte’s efforts, Russia still lagged behind other great powers economically, and therefore the economic policies put in place did improve Russia but not as much as Witte intended. Also, Alexander III introduced the Peasants Land Bank in 1862, which meant that peasants would now find it easier to rent land. However, they still had a difficult time paying this back and not many peasants owned land after this was put in place, the majority of land was still owned by the major, richer landowners. As a result, this shows a major change to the government during Alexander’s reign as a wide range of economic policies were introduced by Witte which dramatically improved the countries overall income and as a result Russia was much better off as a country. Nicholas II also put various economic changes in place. These were under Stolypin, who changed a great deal for Russia and put a lot of policies in place. One economic policy which was put in place by Stolypin was the ending of redemption payments for peasants to pay to the Mir in 1907. This in turn meant that peasants had more money to put towards land and farms, meaning they could make more income and not lose any money due to having to make redemption payments. Stolypin also introduced loans for peasants which were easier for peasants to get hold of. This meant that they could own more land and were encouraged to own a farm, and therefore would have an increased income as a result of this. Also, the peasants easily would have been able to pay off these loans due to having an increased income, so as a result peasants were no longer as poor as before. This however can be counter-argued by saying that in 1906-14, only 25% of peasants owned lots of land/farms, showing that this policy did not fully do what was originally intended. Also, the richest 10% of landowners still owned majority of the land, meaning not much of it actually belonged to the peasants. Nicholas II therefore made several economic modifications to the government during his reign which attempted to benefit the peasants of Russia. However, although most of these changes were beneficial to Russia, some of them did not take the desired effect; for example Nicholas II tried to make peasants gain more land, but figures show that majority of the land was still owned by the richest land owners and not peasants. Finally, both Alexander and Nicholas introduced a range of social reforms. Alexander III introduced the policy of Russification in 1883. This meant that the official language of Russia was Russian, and all schools and documents had to be written in Russian; any other language was not allowed. This meant that other cultures and other languages were repressed, as someone could not speak the language of their home country within Russia. This then would have created a further breeding ground for more opposition to the Tsarist rule, so Russification had negative effects on Russia and on the Tsarist government. Alexander III also emancipated the serfs in 188. This was a major social reform for the serfs as it now meant that they had a lot more freedom and were no longer enslaved by serfdom. However, it can be argued that the serfs were no actually freed. The now ex-serfs were still tied to the land, meaning they still had to work on that land for the land owners and they therefore were not actually free. Also, ex-serfs had to pay redemption payments on the land they used to be tied to, so they are having to compensate the government. As a result of these modifications, the Tsarist government was modified in many ways based on Alexander’s social reforms, even if all of his reforms made were not as beneficial as originally thought. Nicholas II also introduced many social reforms. Under Stolypin, Nicholas introduced the policy of every head of each household inheriting some land. As a result, each family would then therefore have some land ownership within the family, meaning they had some source of income if no other sources of income are obtainable. This was a positive reform made by Nicholas II as not as many people faced poverty and poor living conditions and therefore they overall had a better life. Another reform made by Stolypin under Nicholas II was the demolition of the Mir. These meant that peasants had to live within a Mir and had a lot of restrictions based on where they could go and when they could leave. Stolypin got rid of Mir’s in 1908, which as a result gave peasants a lot more freedom than they previously had. The social reforms made by Nicholas II were overall positive as they greatly benefited the population of Russia; mainly the peasants. This then shows that the Tsarist government did face many modifications throughout the years 1881-1914 as Nicholas put in place many social reforms which greatly changed how Russian peasants lived. Overall, it is clearly evident that several modifications were made to the Tsarist government in the years 1881-1914, which were made by both Alexander III and Nicholas II. These took form in political, economic and social changes, and some had positive effects whereas others had negative effects. However, not all of the reforms put in place fully did what they were originally intended to do, and therefore the modifications were drastically made but not to the extent in which they were intended to do so.

English For Academic Purposes for Higher Education Students

Question: Discuss about theEnglish For Academic Purposes for Higher Education Students. Answer: The process of learning and demonstration of critical thinking among higher education students has been a topic of numerous educational articles. Various instructional techniques exist to promote thought and active learning. Some of these include case studies, written exercises, discussion methods, debates and questioning techniques. This paper will focus on evaluating various applicable ways in which students may learn or demonstrate their higher-order thinking skills. Keywords: Critical Thinking, Conceptualize, Assessments, Intellectual Learning and Demonstrating Critical thinking in Higher Education While different scholars try to define critical thinking, all definition come to a consensus that critical thinking takes a formed intellectual development. Currently, critical thinking is becoming an appropriate skill for almost any subject in higher education. Various learning strategies have also entered the schooling system all with an aim to facilitate critical thinking skills. In (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015), the study states that critical thinking is a development that requires an active and skillful process to conceptualize, analyze, and synthesize the given information. Still, the study of (Tofade, Elsner Haines, 2013) found that it is easy to see a students critical thinking in the way that student responds to a given argument. Where reasons are inappropriate, it shows that the student's logical assumptions are weak. Critical Thinking Development Critical thinking is a skill that a student learns through regular practice and integration. More than that, it is a process that requires students to center their attentions on the in-depth meaning of the information provided. Notably, this process is different from memorization. In (Popil, 2011), the work discredits memorization by advising that rather than cramming word for word, the students are required to understand the content information and then allow the fact to stimulate their thinking. Critical thinking is a habitual intellectual process. In (Railean, Elc?i Elc?i, 2017), the study found that it is through a continuous practice that the students would improve their thinking adequacies. The study of (Lai, 2011) also noted that learning or demonstrating critical thinking requires students to take assessments that keep them engaged in thinking rather than providing a shallow answer. In another opinion, (Yildirim, zkahraman Karabudak, 2011) stated that critical thinking requires some time for application. In the same token, the study confirmed that the demonstration of critical thinking could be done through small increments like changing a plan for a lesson plan or on a large scale like by creating a comprehensive revision to the entire curriculum. Components of a Critical Thinking Assessment Critical thinking has its elements. The first one is an ill-structured problem. These are scenarios or case studies where the validity of an answer depends on the student's arguments. Also, ill-structured problems can be controversial situations that require a reflective judgment. Secondly, (Chen Hu, 2013) states that critical thinking should be discernible. It should be easier for others to see the point that a student wants to put across. In other words, it's more of a question as to why did someone think that such a point would be applicable. Finally, like any other skill, critical thinking should have room for improvement. Students need to reflect on their thoughts and see whether they need an improvement or an addition of a logical construct. Mechanism for Enhancing Critical Thinking Capability Higher education students can employ several mechanisms to promote, learn or demonstrate their critical thinking skills. The following are some of the activities that students can engage to enhance their critical thinking skills. Answering Questions That Have Different Nature of Questioning. In (Davis, 2013), by using questions of different subject approach, students can improve their critical thoughts. Regarding the structure of the questions, students may show their critical thinking skills while interpreting, analyzing, and recognizing the hypotheses to acquire logical solutions. Classroom Discussions and Mind Mapping Classroom discussion and mind mapping is another approach that students can employ to enhance their critical thinking skills. A study of (Nilson et al., 2014) found that negotiation models are a great tool for students to engage in reliable but counteracting arguments. In (Kalelioglu Gulbahar, 2013), mind mapping exercises and collaborative group are substantial activities that use creative visual arts in traversing ideas. Such activities help in connecting facts that exist in mind to spur the thinking process. The study also supported this idea by stating that mind mapping activities stimulate students' reasoning, assumptions, dilemmas, and conclusions. Above all, in (Peter, 2012), collaboration in groups give room for exchange of ideas through sharing and improving learning activities such as frequently asked question. All of these activities enhance critical thinking skills. Pros and Cons Pros and cons are useful, and they are a widely used technique for brainstorming exercises(Nilson et al., 2014). Students may use pros and cons to enhance their critical thinking skills to generated solutions. Apart from that, pros and cons help someone to evaluate what they hear, read or see critically. So, instead of doing something just because it is what the traditions have been doing, one can spend some time thinking and evaluating the reasons behind such truth. Academic Sources and Research Research and writing improve the students' way of thinking. The study of (Nezami et al., 2013) found that reading topics from a variety of sources can tremendously improve thinking skills. Research and writing require someone to reason and evaluate the information from different sources. In the same concept, the study stated that studying various sources enables a student to look for similarities and differences, identify the main idea, then draw a conclusion that improves one's critical thinking skills. Conclusion This paper meant to explore how higher education students can learn or demonstrate critical thinking skills. The paper has touched on the main elements of critical thinking, and it went further to illustrated deeper on how students can learn and demonstrate their critical thinking skills. The fact is that the current society starting from school to the jobs require a generation with problem-solving skills. With that, it is through critical thinking at someone will be able to come up with viable solutions to a particular problem. References Davis, J. (2013). Improving Students Critical Thinking and Classroom Engagement by Playing the Devils Advocate. An Online, Openaccess Peer-Reviewed Education Journal of The Graduate Centre, Cuny. Retrieved from https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/issue-2-fall-2013/davis/ Nezami, N., Asgari, M., Dinarvand, H. (2013). The Effect of Cooperative Learning on the Critical Thinking of High School Students. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(19), 2508-2514. Hsiao, W., Chen, M., Hu, H. (2013). Assessing Online Discussions: Adoption of Critical Thinking as a Grading Criterion. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge Society, 9(3), p15-25. Kalelioglu, F., Gulbahar, Y. (2013). The Effect of Instructional Techniques on Critical Thinking and Critical Thinking Dispositions in Online Discussion. Educational Technology Society, 17(1), 248258 Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.17.1.248?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lai, E. (2011). Critical Thinking: A Literature Review. Research Report. Retrieved from https://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/tmrs/Collaboration-Review.pdf Nilson, C., Fetherston, C., McMurray, A. (2014). Developing Childrens Critical Thinking through Creative Arts Exposure: An Application of Enniss Super-Streamlined Critical Thinking Framework. The International Journal of Arts Education, 8, 29-45. Retrieved from https://ijae.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.230/prod.50 Popil, I. (2011). Promotion of critical thinking by using case studies as teaching method. Nurse Education Today, 31(2), 204-207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.06.002 Railean, E., Elc?i, A., Elc?i, A. (2017). Metacognition and Successful Learning Strategies in Higher Education (p. 42). [S.l.]: Information Science Reference. Peter, E. (2012). Critical Thinking: Essence for Teaching Mathematics and Mathematics Problem Solving Skills. African Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Research, 5(3), 39-43 Retrived from https://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJMCSR/article-abstract/AD35F3D4458 Wisdom, S., Leavitt, L. (2015). Handbook of research on advancing critical thinking in higher education (p. 371). IGI Global. Tofade, T., Elsner, J., Haines, S. (2013). Best Practice Strategies for Effective Use of Questions as a Teaching Tool. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(7), 155. https://dx.doi.org/10.5688/ajpe777155 Yildirim, B., zkahraman, ?., Karabudak, S. (2011). The Critical Thinking Teaching Methods In Nursing Students. International Journal of Business And Social Science, 2(24).

The Boundless Carbon Cycle free essay sample

Tom J. Battin, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Louis A. Kaplan, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe, Andreas Richter and Lars J. Tranvik The terrestrial biosphere is assumed to take up most of the carbon on land. However, it is becoming clear that inland waters process large amounts of organic carbon and must be considered in strategies to mitigate climate change. A tmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased from ~280 ppm before the industrial revolution to over 384 ppm in 2008 (ref. 1). This increase reflects only about half of the CO2 emissions from human activities; the other half has been sequestered in the oceans and on land2,3 (Box 1). Although the location and magnitude of continental carbon sinks remain uncertain4, they are assumed to lie within the terrestrial biosphere. We argue that inland waters have a significant role in the sequestration, transport and mineralization of organic Box 1 | Balancing the carbon cycle carbon. Integration of these fluxes into the traditional carbon cycle is needed for appropriate CO2 management and climate change mitigation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Boundless Carbon Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Inland waters — such as ponds, lakes, wetlands, streams, rivers and reservoirs — permeate terrestrial ecosystems and often shape the Earth’s landscapes. Although only about 1% of the Earth’s surface is assumed to be covered by inland waters, their collective contribution to global carbon fluxes is substantial compared with terrestrial and marine ecosystems5–10. Specifically, current estimates carbon dioxide sinks Since 1750, continuously increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions and land-use change have perturbed the natural carbon cycle. Of the 9. 1 Pg C yr–1 (1 Pg C = 1 petagram or 109 metric tons of carbon) emitted in this way between 2000 and 2006, 4. 1 Pg C yr–1 have accumulated in the atmosphere, 2. 2 Pg C yr–1 have been assigned to marine sequestration and the residual 2. 8 Pg C yr–1 have been assigned to sequestration within the terrestrial biosphere3. At regional and continental scales the terrestrial carbon sink has been evaluated by top-down and bottom-up carbon balances20,21. stimating from the top down In the top-down approach, the carbon balance from an atmospheric perspective is compiled by running an atmospheric transport model (the so-called inverse model) back in time. The distribution of sources and sinks at land and ocean surfaces is then optimized for observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This approach has confirmed the location of the residual carbon sink over continents. However, state-of-the-art inverse models have a spatial resolution too coarse to account for mo st inland waters. Therefore, CO2 outgassing from inland waters is assigned to terrestrial ecosystem respiration, blending the carbon sink in inland waters with the terrestrial carbon sink. scaling from the bottom up The bottom-up approach compiles the carbon balance by scaling up site-level observations of sinks and sources of croplands, grasslands and forests as the main land-use types. Inland waters are usually not considered among the main land-use types, with the exception of reservoirs for the carbon sink of the coterminous US4. Furthermore, study sites are typically located in uplands to catch a terrestrial signal with little interference from aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems to inland waters is not typically accounted for in regional estimates that scale-up from the bottom-up approach. This in turn contributes to the discrepancy between estimates based on the bottom-up and top-down approaches. 598 suggest that inland waters transport, mineralize and bury ~2. 7 Pg C yr? 1 (ref. ; Fig. 1). This is similar to the size of the terrestrial carbon sink for anthropogenic emissions of 2. 8 Pg C yr? 1 (ref. 3). So far, carbon fluxes into and out of inland waters have received little attention in global-scale analyses. However, their quantification could prove critical for constraining estimates of terrestrial ecosystem fluxes, adequately integrating all vertical and lateral carbon fluxes over regional and global scales, and predicting feedbacks to climate change6,11,12. For example, because inland water fluxes are lateral, their consideration may reconcile the often large discrepancies between estimates of continental carbon balance measured at different scales (Box 1); such discrepancies are pronounced when it comes to the European11 and Amazon12 carbon budgets, for example. Furthermore, because the water cycle is exceptionally sensitive to climate change, water-borne carbon fluxes will inevitably respond to climate change. For example, larger storms will mean more intense erosion–deposition fluxes, which will transport a greater proportion of terrestrial carbon to inland waters. watery grave Approximately 0. 6 Pg C yr? 1 is buried in inland water sediments5 — this is equivalent to approximately 20% of the carbon assumed to be buried in terrestrial biomass and soils. Still, these estimates do not include long-term net carbon burial in floodplains and other near-water landscapes — a poorly constrained, but most probably signific ant, flux13. Sedimentary carbon often accumulates over thousands of years5,14 and thus represents a long-term carbon sink. Furthermore, in stable continental sedimentary basins some of the buried carbon may eventually enter the lithosphere. The greater prevalence of bottom-water anoxia in inland waters, nature geoscience | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2009 | www. nature. com/naturegeoscience  © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved commentary compared with the ocean, inhibits sedimentary carbon decomposition and the release of carbon back into the atmosphere. The loss of organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems and its subsequent burial in inland waters represents a redistribution of carbon sinks that must be taken into account in climate change mitigation strategies. The first step in managing carbon sequestration is to understand where it occurs and the processes that enhance and maintain it. For example, in regions with high erosion rates one might underestimate wholewatershed carbon sequestration by focusing exclusively on carbon accumulation rates in soils and terrestrial biomass. Furthermore, carbon buried in aquatic sediments will probably respond very differently to regional climate and land-use changes than carbon stored in soil. For example, when soil erosion is high, carbon sinks are more likely to shift from the land to inland waters. Consequently, sediment loads to inland waters increase, but reservoirs and impoundments retain and bury the sediments and their associated carbon5,9, ultimately reducing their transport to the ocean. It remains unclear, however, whether burial in inland waters represents a net increase in carbon sequestration rather than simply a translocation of a sink that would otherwise have occurred on land or, eventually, in the oceans15. The ‘conventional carbon cycle’2 blends outgassing from inland waters with fluxes of terrestrial ecosystem respiration, and underestimates the potential for lateral transport (Box 1). But terrestrially sourced organic carbon can also fuel secondary production by heterotrophic biota in inland waters. Globally, these biota respire 1. 2 Pg of terrestrial carbon each year and release it to the atmosphere5,6,8,10,. This flux is not recognized in the ‘conventional carbon cycle’, which pipes organic carbon from the land to the oceans, rather than processing it through biologically active inland waters2,8. When this outgassing source is considered in the continental carbon balance, ecosystem production — that is, the difference between annual terrestrial photosynthetic uptake and respiratory release — must be increased from the conventional estimate of 3. 2 Pg C yr–1 (ref. 2) to 4. 5 Pg C yr–1 to offset this release and close the carbon budget (Fig. 1). However, present emission estimates from inland waters are provisional and low because of difficulties associated with measuring the areal extent of inland waters and the partial pressure of CO2 and Atmospheric accumulaton 4. GPP: -120. 0, R: 115. 5 4. 5 (-4. 1 Ant, -0. 4 Nat) Weathering 0. 2 1. 2 GPP: -92. 2, R: 90. 7 1. 5 (-2. 1 Ant, 0. 6 Nat) 9. 1 Anthropogenic sources Ocean accumulation 2. 2 Land accumulation 2. 2 2. 7 Inland waters accumulation 0. 6 0. 2 0. 2 0. 9 Lithosphere Figure 1 | The ‘boundless carbon cycle’. The schematic highlights carbon fluxes through inland waters5, and also incl udes pre-industrial2 and anthropogenic3 fluxes. Values are net fluxes between pools (black) or rates of change within pools (red); units are Pg C yr–1; negative signs indicate a sink from the atmosphere. Gross fluxes from the atmosphere to land and oceans, and the natural (Nat) and anthropogenic (Ant) components of net primary production — the net uptake of carbon by photosynthetic organisms — are shown for land and oceans. Gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R) are poorly constrained18,19; we therefore modified respiration to close the carbon balance. Non-biological dissolution of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the oceans is included in these fluxes2. Fluxes to the lithosphere represent deposition to stable sedimentary basins, and the flux from the lithosphere to land represents erosion of uplifted sedimentary rocks2. inland outgassing gas exchange rates16,17; all these factors contribute to the underestimation of CO2 outgassing. Improved and higher estimates of CO2 emissions from inland waters will thus require even higher ecosystem production to close the carbon balance. A larger flux to the land would fit better with current independent regional estimates of net CO2 uptake by terrestrial ecosystems using bottom-up approaches18 (Box 1). Furthermore, expected land-use changes could exacerbate the climatic impact of inland outgassing. Most carbon mineralized in inland waters is released as CO2, but lakes, wetlands, and particularly reservoirs, also release methane — a potent greenhouse gas that traps heat more efficiently than an equal amount of CO2. The creation of reservoirs for hydroelectric power and agriculture will increase methane production5. However, dam removal to restore fisheries and riparianzone reforestation, with subsequent stream widening to improve water quality, may have the opposite effect. pportunities and challenges The significance of inland waters to carbon fluxes on land needs to be recognized. Rivers, lakes and wetlands are important factors for climate change, which should have a place in conceptual models of the global carbon cycle. A broader concept of a ‘boundless carbon cycle’ should motivate future working groups of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to pla ce inland waters on the map of global carbon cycling. The contribution of inland waters to global carbon cycling is not recognized within the Kyoto protocol. Based on our assessment, though admittedly preliminary, we argue that post-Kyoto negotiations should include inland waters as part of the 2009 United Nations climate change conference in Copenhagen. Our concept of a ‘boundless carbon cycle’ would encourage policymakers to better appreciate the couplings between land and water and between the hydrological cycle and the carbon cycle. This would be a necessary step towards subsuming traditional land management under integrated watershed management as a tool to mitigate climate change. Integrated watershed management connects land and water when considering the effects of soil erosion, urbanization, riparianzone restoration and dam construction or removal, on carbon burial in — and outgassing from — inland waters. The ‘boundless carbon cycle’ would also promote the scientific exploration of fluxes of organic carbon across the 599 nature geoscience | VOL 2 | SEPTEMBER 2009 | www. nature. com/naturegeoscience  © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved commentary terrestrial–aquatic interface, its fate in inland waters and feedbacks with climate change. Collaborative investigations augmented by new observatories and experimental platforms for long-term research are necessary to achieve this. Specifically, we need to improve remote sensing of the global inland water surface area, water residence time and concentrations of organic carbon in these ecosystems. Furthermore, tropical and boreal ecosystems, potential sinks or sources of CO2, and polar ecosystems prone to loss of organic carbon from melting permafrost should receive more attention. This would address the current bias of our global estimates of aquatic carbon fluxes towards temperate ecosystems. If we decide to take up the challenge of managing the Earth’s surface carbon cycle as a way of mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions, we cannot ignore the contribution of inland water any longer. Much work lies ahead for scientists to quantify carbon fluxes in streams, rivers and lakes, and for policymakers to incorporate these aquatic ecosystems into strategies for land-use regulations. ? Tom J. Battin1,2*, Sebastiaan Luyssaert3, Louis A. Kaplan4, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe4, Andreas Richter5 and Lars J.