Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism Essay

Patrice Lumumba’s Struggle Against Belgian Imperialism It is hard to believe that in 2002 there is still imperialism being practiced in the world, but the fact of the matter is, it is. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s territory or power by establishing dominance over other nations. A modern example of imperialism is the Congo. At the 1885 Berlin Conference, where the European powers carved up most of Africa among themselves, they sanctioned the claim of Belgian King Leopold II to sole authority over the Congo, a land mass 75 times the area of Belgium. The Congo was virtually his private property. He wiped out some 10 million people, around half the population, in his determination to extract every†¦show more content†¦However, Lumumba’s intentions became clear from his Independence Day speech. He said, We have known sarcasm and insults, endured blows morning, noon and night because we were niggers... We have seen our lands despoiled under the terms of what was supposedly the law of the lad but which only recognised the right of the strongest. We have seen that this law was quite different for a white than for a black: accommodating for the former, cruel and inhuman for the latter. It is evident from this excerpt that Lumumba’s Congo would not be one where the Belgians could remain in complete control. The imperialist powers, led by Washington together with Brussels, undertook a series of operations designed to undermine the new Lumumba-led government. Less than two weeks after Congos independence, the former Belgian rulers succeeded in organizing a secessionist movement in the province of Katanga, where U.S. and European companies had vast mineral holdings. On July 11, 1960, Moise Tshombe, a wealthy businessman and leader of the UCOL party who bitterly opposed Lumumba, declared Katangas separation from the Congo. UCOL originally stood for the Union for Colonization but then was later changed to the Union for the Collaboration of the Middle Classes in Katanga due to the feverish anti-colonial spirit in the Congo. Brussels sent 10,000 troops to Katanga toShow MoreRelatedNotes18856 Words   |  76 PagesIndividuals like l Dr. David Livingstone were able to combine missionary activities with extensive scientific research and geographic investigations. To this day, Africa remains a favorite destination for missionaries. The third reason was based on imperialism, the desire by European patriots to contribute to their country’s grandeur by laying claim to other countries in distant lands. Imperial Germany’s Karl Peters’ adventures M04_KHAF1713_04_SE_C04.indd 101 1/18/12 10:30 AM  102 C ha

During the 1960’s a woman’s role in society was greatly...

During the 1960’s a woman’s role in society was greatly changed through both social and legal means. Women’s rights movements in the United States date back to 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention, but were greatly ignored after women were granted the right to vote in 1920 by the nineteenth amendment. Many reasons contributed to the reemergence of women’s movements but the most prevalent is the end of World War II in 1945. During World War II, more than three million women of all classes of society voluntarily exchanged their aprons and jobs as a house wives and took up real tools in factories. Women working in industrial jobs during World War II affected the mind set of both men and women about the full capabilities of women. People could†¦show more content†¦The commission worked to end job discrimination through legal means. The National Organization for Women (NOW), whose goal it was to give women â€Å"equality of opportunity and freedom of c hoice†, also fought for women’s rights and to get men and women the same job benefits. The EEOC, NOW and organizations like it assured profound change for women by allowing them a legal opportunity to file suit against discriminatory organizations. By the end of the 1960’s women significantly changed their position in society and law and overcame sexism in several ways including breaking into male-dominated fields, moderate and radical thinking, breaking down male power structures and through cultural expressions. Although women experienced profound cultural change during the 1960’s many things including a male dominated society, the classic perception of women and opposition to equal work undermined women’s movements. Since the birth of the United States, men dominated almost every part of society. This did not change much during the 1960’s. Other movements, including the civil rights and anti-war movements, were controlled by men. This repr esents American’s view of women as being inferior to men. Women were kept behind closed doors during these movements because it was not seen as lady-like to publically protest and fight injustices in society. Men also dominated politics duringShow MoreRelatedSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with change in the existing conditions of the social, political, and economic spectrums. These social changes involved challenges to the conservative status quo of the time. Parts that contributed to this social revolution were new developments in the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civilRead MoreThe Rise And Influence Of The Feminist Movement1472 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Influence of the Feminist Movement in the 1970’s Throughout history, America has often distinguished men as primary leaders who have the utmost dominance. Whether it is the political, economical, or social status of a person, men have persistently controlled –with few rights given to women. For centuries, women were treated as their husband’s property; they did not have legal rights of any kind when it came to money and did not have management over their earnings (History-World)Read MoreWomen in World War Ii2579 Words   |  11 Pagesgender roles? * * The Second World War dramatically changed the lives of women in both Canada and the United States, on every level from political, to social, to sexual. Further, the changes in women’s lives during this time were not merely temporary reactions to a current situation, but rather were profound societal changes that would forever alter the place of women, and men, in modern society. Before the war, women were cast as the â€Å"homemaker†, and their principal duty was to bearRead MoreEffects of Abortion on the Father6404 Words   |  26 Pagesmore than just women. However, in society today women are the only ones who decide if the baby or fetus will live or die. Does giving the expectant mother all of the rights in determining if her unborn child will live or die create a division within the family structure? Does it mean that she has more rights to the baby or fetus than the father? Abortion can have traumatic effects on the paternal (father) parent as well as the maternal (mother) parent; both may develop emotional distress andRead MoreAfrican Americans During The 20th Century3084 Words   |  13 Pages When looking at the social changes in American culture at the turn of the century, we see extraordinary differences in the accepted behaviours and thoughts of American citizens. The century saw a major shift in the way that people lived, with changes in politics, society, culture, economics, and technology. At the beginning of the century, discrimination based on race and sex was significant, but by the end of the 20th century, women had the same legal rights as men and racism had come toRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling And Gender Gap Between Women And Men3334 Words   |  14 Pagesgender gap between women and men in senior leadership positions and discusses possible remedies (Meyerson, D.E. Fletcher, 2000) Quote: It’s an uphill struggle, to be judged both a good woman and a good leader. - Rosabeth Moss Kanter Literature Review The Glass Ceiling The glass ceiling was first introduced in the 1980’s. It is a symbol for the past and present barriers that block women and minorities from progressing up the corporate ladder to management and leadership positions. The glassRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 Pagesprofound impact on literature, social and political areas of American life. Moreover, Walker’s turbulent childhood in addition to growing up during an era where African-Americans like herself were fighting for freedom, increased her dedication to become both a reflective and revolutionary author. Alice Malsenior Walker was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia, to Willie Lee and Minnie Tallulah Grant-Walker. Like many of Walker s fictional characters, she was the daughter of a sharecropperRead MoreSocio-Cultural Development17197 Words   |  69 PagesThe social and cultural environment Paul Wetherly Contents Introduction: what is the social and cultural environment? What has it got to do with business? Society, culture and business Demographic trends—an ageing population Immigration and multiculturalism Class structure Inequality A woman’s place? Looking ahead Summary Case study: decline of the working class? 123 150 152 152 153 153 153 Review and discussion questions 125 128 132 135 139 145 149 149 Assignments Further reading OnlineRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pagesan abundance of statistics that outline the prevalence of domestic violence in society and the far-reaching effects upon women. Research reveals that women in violent relationships suffer physically, emotionally and psychologically. It has also been established that there are serious consequential effects that can continue long after the abuse has ended. Focusing specifically on the under-researched area of the woman’s exit, this paper aims to discover the processes involved in moving on from a violentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLandscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American

Portugal s International Financial Crisis - 1676 Words

In the most recent of the world’s financial crises everyone has had to find a way to live a little, or in some cases a lot, more frugally. In the case of Portugal who joined the EU in 1986 and adopted the Euro currency in 1999, frugal is no longer enough (European Commission). While they are attempting to squeeze their way into a highly competitive market with exportable products and an appealing labor market for investors, they must also battle the European financial crisis. Not only does the financial crisis have Portuguese consumers zipping up their wallets but it also elicits questions as to whether their government can issue more bonds without defaulting on their current obligations. Portugal currently finds itself having difficulty staying competitive in the world marketplace. While the Portuguese economy lost two of its top industries like textiles and footwear manufacturing to competition from inexpensive Chinese labor, slowing the country’s growth for over a decade, they still have a few leads in the market with reputable products and companies(The importance of, 2010). Portugal’s main pattern of trade is to and from other European Union countries (Trade Profile, 2012). 73% of all exports from Portugal end up in the EU, while 75% of imports also come from the EU (Trade Profile, 2012). According to the CIA World Factbook, Portugal’s main exports now consist of cork, wood, and paper. There are several examples of major Portuguese companies that produceShow MoreRelatedGreece Economic Crisis1636 Words   |  7 Pages| | |GREECE ECONOMIC CRISIS | |Causes Implications | | Read MoreHow The Eurozone Crisis Is The Highest Level Of Public Debt Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages Greek crisis I n recent times, the Subprime mortgage crisis in the US seems to have metamorphosed into the Euro crisis. Since early 201 0, the Eurozone has been facing a major debt crisis. Such countries as Greece, I reland and Portugal have accumulated unsustainable levels of government debt. I n order to avoid the default they had to ask other European countries and the I nternational Monetary Fund ( I MF) for loans. (Nelson, Belkin andRead MoreGreece : What Factors Have Made The Greek Crisis So Important?1749 Words   |  7 Pages Greece Financial Crisis By - Juhi Jani Student id – 056-059-140 IAF620 Professor Name – Al juzukonis August 13, 2015 Greece Crisis What factors have made the Greek crisis so important? Greece is one of the most developed countries but today it has a debt of over 300 billion Euros which began two years ago including purchasing power parity. Greece is ranked 38th and 44th in the world for nominal GDP and purchasing power parity (PPP). The base for Greek crisis is mix of domestic and internationalRead MoreEssay on Globalization Study Greece Economic Crisis975 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Case Study Greek economic crisis Introduction: In September 2009, Greek economic crisis exploded. Greek government announced that the country’s financial deficits and public debt to gross domestic product would be along about 12.7% and 113%, which are far from the provision of European Union: 3% financial deficit and less than 60% public debt to gross domestic product. Moody’s, SP and Fitch, the three major credit-rating agencies, all reduced the credit-ratingRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Chinese And Greece Financial Crises Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CHINESE GREECE FINANCIAL CRISES The failure of macroeconomic factors largely resulted in the financial calamities for both China and European nations such as Greece. These included foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuations and output as mentioned in Haile and Pozo, (cited in Shen et al, 2015, p. 193). Furthermore, the interdependence between China and European nations as trading partners suffered throughout the crisis given the disruption to the aforementioned macroeconomicRead MoreEssay On The European Economic Crisis1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe background to the World and European economic crisis. The main cause of the 2008-9 financial crisis was caused by the collapse of the housing bubble within the USA. But the housing bubble was created many years earlier. The Federal Reserve in the early part of the 2000s reduced its interest rates down from 6.5% to 1% within four years. This reduction in rates was applied due to several events happening in the US economy at that time. Firstly the attacks on the world trade center and the recessionRead MoreAlthough the Euro Zone Has a Unified Monetary Policy, It Does Not Have a Unified Fiscal Policy, Is Such a Situation Sustainable? Address This Issue Using Greece and Ireland as Case Studies.1042 Words   |  5 Pages From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors concerning some European states, intensifying in early 2010. This included eurozone members Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Portugal, and also some non-eurozone European Union (EU) countries. Iceland, the country which experienced the largest financial crisis in 2008 when its entire international banking system collapsed, has emerged less affected by the sovereign debt crisis. In the EU, especially in countries where sovereignRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Has Caused A Massive Deterioration Of Public Finances1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe global financial crisis has caused a massive deterioration in public finances in the euro area. The 2009 recession severely curtailed public revenues and weighed heavily on the welfare state. In addition, states have boarded on bank bailouts and costly stimulus packages. In 2010, no country belonging to the euro area was able to comply with the Stability and Growth Pa ct (SGP). Public debt in the euro area increased from 65% to 85% of GDP between 2007 and 2010. This debt crisis was certainlyRead MoreEurozone Debt Crisis1274 Words   |  5 PagesResources The weekend of May 5-6 opened a new chapter in the Eurozone debt crisis as voters in France and Greece voiced their disproval over current leadership. With news of Frances Sarkozy losing the presidency, and a dismal election result for Greeces pro-bailout parties (Reuters.com. May 7, 2012. PP. 1); the future of the Eurozone continues to be shrouded in uncertainty. Debt yields for Greece, Ireland, and Portugal spiked as bond investors ruminated over fiscal and monetary policies. LikewiseRead MoreHow The Greece Ended Up With The Worst Debt Crisis Of Our Lifetime Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesThe Greek Tragedy The purpose for this paper is understand why how the Greece ended up with the worst debt crisis of our lifetime. Other objective of the paper is to analyze its historical reasons, and the challenges of the European Union, Europe and the world economy to the Greek crisis. In order to deeply understand the root cause of the debt crisis in Greece, we have to understand not just the economics of Greece but the policies that drove down the economy. Economy of Greece: As of 2015,

Renewable Energy Sources For Energy - 1540 Words

In recent years there has been great concern over the growing demand for energy, and the lack of non-renewable energy resources to meet the demand in the future. In addition, the question of â€Å"sustainability†;the ability to balance social, economic, and environmental needs in energy production to meet both current and long-term requirements;has come to the forefront. It is clear that America must expand energy production quickly, and that we must develop renewable, sustainable energy sources to meet long-term demand and protect our future. There are many proposed solutions, such as wind and solar power. But the technology for these resources is not yet fully developed, making them, at best, low-output alternatives. Because†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will support this argument by addressing the need for a clean fuel in the US to bridge the gap between non- renewables and renewable energy in the future. The use of hydraulic fracturing dates back to 1947, when Stanolind Oil conducted an experimental fracturing in Kansas. Although this experiment was relatively small compared to the processes used today, it served as a catalyst for advances in hydraulic fracturing. Just two years after the first test of hydraulic fracturing, Halliburton was granted a patent for the new â€Å"Hydrafrac† process. In each gas well that was treated with the new fracturing process, production increased by 75 percent. This type of breakthrough attracted many followers, and soon the process was utilized on thousands of gas wells across the US (â€Å"The History†). The spread of hydraulic fracturing followed the discoveries of shale deposits. The largest deposit is the Marcellus Shale, located in the northeastern part of the US, centering on the state of Pennsylvania. Other areas with significant shale deposits include Texas, North Dakota, Michigan and Wyoming. Hydraulic fracturing has been used on â€Å"over 1 million producing wells† (â€Å"A Historic†), and it is believed to have â€Å"increased US recoverable reserves of oil by at least 30% and of gas by 90%† (â€Å"The History†). The fracturing techniqueShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1120 Words   |  5 PagesAlternate energies are forms of energy that do not deplete natural resources or harm the earth. The sources of the energies are naturally found or generated or are part of a natural conversion from one source into another. Energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted into other forms, therefore there are many reactions occurring around us that allow us to harness these energies. Alternate sources of energy has been extensively researched as a result of the large energy crisis that is being experiencedRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1292 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction. Nowadays, with the continuous increase in the demand for energy consumption resulted by both population and socioeconomic growth, making it a priority to satisfy such a demand for all developed countries. This report aims initially to focus on the energy situation in the United Kingdom, and then present two forms of energy conventional energy in specific coal, and renewable energy which is wind energy, and will finally recommend the most suitable one after comparing and contrastingRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be 60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non-renewable energy sources, like coal and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). But, non-renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the environment, since they generateRead MoreEnergy Of Renewable Energy Sources Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years many endeavors have been devoted to reduce the pollutant energy generation by increasing the utilization of clean energy sources. Actually, the power sector is responsible for roughly a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions [1]. Thus, the widespread introduction of renewable energy sources is seen to be one of the major solutions. Meanwhile, fossil fuel based power plants will still be needed. In any case, fully abstaining from the use of fossil fuels is difficult. Nevertheless,Read MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are still cheap and high in supply, but the rate at which we are consuming them, which is only expected to increase, vastly exceeds the rate at which they regenerate. This creates the aforementioned problem of mankind running out of the required natural resources to fuel its own energy demands. TheRead MoreThe Energy Source Of Renewable Energy3041 Words   |  13 Pagesis using fossil fuels, which are nonrenewable sources. Fossil fuels are cheap and limited. They will soon be depleted. The world needs to find a source of energy that is not only renewable but sustainable. Sustainable Energy is usually associated with renewable energy. This is because renewable energy is a continuous source. However, the sustainability of each of different types of renewable energy vary. Sustainable energy means that amount of energy that is used, is also generated. The idea of sustainabilityRead MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2221 Words   |  9 Pages sources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water,Read MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesSources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, andRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1944 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary The development of renewable and alternative energy is becoming more and more necessary as the traditional fossil fuel energy is a non-renewable energy and can cause various environmental problems such as the global warming effect. However, the challenge today in generating alternative energy is to find a cost effective way while has the smallest harmful environmental impacts. Developing bioenergy have the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emission while creating great economicRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. These include sunlight, the wind, ocean tides, waves, geothermal heat and rain (Tiwari et al., 2012). Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are the kinds that do not renew themselves

Tsarist system of government free essay sample

The Tsarist system of government underwent many changes throughout the years of 1881-1914. Both Alexander III and Nicholas II created several modifications, being both good and bad, to the government during these years. Alexander III created mostly negative changes, due to him being seen as a reactionary, whereas Nicholas II created mainly positive changes to the government as a result of the 1905 revolution. These changes can be categorised into political, economic and social modifications. Alexander III made a few political modifications to the Tsarist government. In 1851, he introduced Land Captains. These meant that people, sometimes locals, could be appointed to have more power over the people within their towns or cities, meaning power was seemingly being more wide spread. However, these lands captains were chosen by the Tsar himself, meaning he could manipulate who had extra power based on what he wanted. Therefore, some could argue that this was a negative modification made to the government. Alexander III also introduced the Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in 1881. This showed the Tsars rejection of democracy and further reform, meaning he had further influence and power over everyone else. He also introduced the Statue of State Security in 1881, which allowed for the Okhrana to have more powers. For example, the Okhrana was now able to break into people’s houses without reason or their consent, meaning the government had further control over the population of Russia. Although Alexander III’s political reforms were mostly bad, the introduction of the Land Captains meant that his power was in fact becoming more widespread amongst the population of Russia, and not all of Russia’s power was given to one person. Therefore, the political reforms made by Alexander III showed a slight modification the government during his reign. Nicholas II also introduced several political reforms. These took place after the 1905 revolution. In 1905, Nicholas issued the October manifesto. This gave people a lot more freedom than they previously had. Freedom of speech, organisation and assembly was now made legal; allowing opposition groups to now be able to be more organised as they were allowed to meet in public. Nicholas also introduced the fundamental laws in 1906, which allowed for the government to become more democratic. Under the fundamental laws, Article 87 was introduced, giving the Tsar the complete right to exercise any policy that he wished, without having to gain permission from the Dumas beforehand. The first State Duma was also introduced under Nicholas II in April 1906, which allowed for the population of Russia to have more of a say in the governments decisions. It was believed that the Duma was a step forwards towards a democracy for Russia; however, the Tsar could change and manipulate the Dumas in whatever way he wished through the use of Article 87, mean they were only put in place to make Russia seem more democratic when in reality it was not. Nicholas II also introduced a pro-government terrorist group called the Black Hundreds in 1905, meaning the government had further control over Russia as they were willing to use violence to get what they wanted. All of these new policies introduced by Nicholas seemed like positive reforms, however Article 87 meant that the Tsar could still pass laws and policies without consulting the Dumas beforehand, so really the Tsar and his power still heavily remained in Russia. The modifications made by Nicholas II throughout the years of his reign drastically changed the Tsarist government, showing the fact that Nicholas’ modifications greatly impacted the Tsarist government. Both of the Tsars between the years 1881-1914 also introduced a range of economic reforms. Under Alexander III were Witte, Bunge and Vysknegradsky. Witte made several economic reforms, including the building of the Trans-Siberian railway in 1891, the increase of foreign loans, the gold standard and industrialisation. All of these meant that Russia was now becoming a much richer country, with more exports going to other countries. The production of coal, iron and oil was majorly increased, meaning the country had a lot more sources of income other than just agriculture. The building of the railway meant that trade was much easier, and therefore the countries income was increased as a result. Despite all of Witte’s efforts, Russia still lagged behind other great powers economically, and therefore the economic policies put in place did improve Russia but not as much as Witte intended. Also, Alexander III introduced the Peasants Land Bank in 1862, which meant that peasants would now find it easier to rent land. However, they still had a difficult time paying this back and not many peasants owned land after this was put in place, the majority of land was still owned by the major, richer landowners. As a result, this shows a major change to the government during Alexander’s reign as a wide range of economic policies were introduced by Witte which dramatically improved the countries overall income and as a result Russia was much better off as a country. Nicholas II also put various economic changes in place. These were under Stolypin, who changed a great deal for Russia and put a lot of policies in place. One economic policy which was put in place by Stolypin was the ending of redemption payments for peasants to pay to the Mir in 1907. This in turn meant that peasants had more money to put towards land and farms, meaning they could make more income and not lose any money due to having to make redemption payments. Stolypin also introduced loans for peasants which were easier for peasants to get hold of. This meant that they could own more land and were encouraged to own a farm, and therefore would have an increased income as a result of this. Also, the peasants easily would have been able to pay off these loans due to having an increased income, so as a result peasants were no longer as poor as before. This however can be counter-argued by saying that in 1906-14, only 25% of peasants owned lots of land/farms, showing that this policy did not fully do what was originally intended. Also, the richest 10% of landowners still owned majority of the land, meaning not much of it actually belonged to the peasants. Nicholas II therefore made several economic modifications to the government during his reign which attempted to benefit the peasants of Russia. However, although most of these changes were beneficial to Russia, some of them did not take the desired effect; for example Nicholas II tried to make peasants gain more land, but figures show that majority of the land was still owned by the richest land owners and not peasants. Finally, both Alexander and Nicholas introduced a range of social reforms. Alexander III introduced the policy of Russification in 1883. This meant that the official language of Russia was Russian, and all schools and documents had to be written in Russian; any other language was not allowed. This meant that other cultures and other languages were repressed, as someone could not speak the language of their home country within Russia. This then would have created a further breeding ground for more opposition to the Tsarist rule, so Russification had negative effects on Russia and on the Tsarist government. Alexander III also emancipated the serfs in 188. This was a major social reform for the serfs as it now meant that they had a lot more freedom and were no longer enslaved by serfdom. However, it can be argued that the serfs were no actually freed. The now ex-serfs were still tied to the land, meaning they still had to work on that land for the land owners and they therefore were not actually free. Also, ex-serfs had to pay redemption payments on the land they used to be tied to, so they are having to compensate the government. As a result of these modifications, the Tsarist government was modified in many ways based on Alexander’s social reforms, even if all of his reforms made were not as beneficial as originally thought. Nicholas II also introduced many social reforms. Under Stolypin, Nicholas introduced the policy of every head of each household inheriting some land. As a result, each family would then therefore have some land ownership within the family, meaning they had some source of income if no other sources of income are obtainable. This was a positive reform made by Nicholas II as not as many people faced poverty and poor living conditions and therefore they overall had a better life. Another reform made by Stolypin under Nicholas II was the demolition of the Mir. These meant that peasants had to live within a Mir and had a lot of restrictions based on where they could go and when they could leave. Stolypin got rid of Mir’s in 1908, which as a result gave peasants a lot more freedom than they previously had. The social reforms made by Nicholas II were overall positive as they greatly benefited the population of Russia; mainly the peasants. This then shows that the Tsarist government did face many modifications throughout the years 1881-1914 as Nicholas put in place many social reforms which greatly changed how Russian peasants lived. Overall, it is clearly evident that several modifications were made to the Tsarist government in the years 1881-1914, which were made by both Alexander III and Nicholas II. These took form in political, economic and social changes, and some had positive effects whereas others had negative effects. However, not all of the reforms put in place fully did what they were originally intended to do, and therefore the modifications were drastically made but not to the extent in which they were intended to do so.

English For Academic Purposes for Higher Education Students

Question: Discuss about theEnglish For Academic Purposes for Higher Education Students. Answer: The process of learning and demonstration of critical thinking among higher education students has been a topic of numerous educational articles. Various instructional techniques exist to promote thought and active learning. Some of these include case studies, written exercises, discussion methods, debates and questioning techniques. This paper will focus on evaluating various applicable ways in which students may learn or demonstrate their higher-order thinking skills. Keywords: Critical Thinking, Conceptualize, Assessments, Intellectual Learning and Demonstrating Critical thinking in Higher Education While different scholars try to define critical thinking, all definition come to a consensus that critical thinking takes a formed intellectual development. Currently, critical thinking is becoming an appropriate skill for almost any subject in higher education. Various learning strategies have also entered the schooling system all with an aim to facilitate critical thinking skills. In (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015), the study states that critical thinking is a development that requires an active and skillful process to conceptualize, analyze, and synthesize the given information. Still, the study of (Tofade, Elsner Haines, 2013) found that it is easy to see a students critical thinking in the way that student responds to a given argument. Where reasons are inappropriate, it shows that the student's logical assumptions are weak. Critical Thinking Development Critical thinking is a skill that a student learns through regular practice and integration. More than that, it is a process that requires students to center their attentions on the in-depth meaning of the information provided. Notably, this process is different from memorization. In (Popil, 2011), the work discredits memorization by advising that rather than cramming word for word, the students are required to understand the content information and then allow the fact to stimulate their thinking. Critical thinking is a habitual intellectual process. In (Railean, Elc?i Elc?i, 2017), the study found that it is through a continuous practice that the students would improve their thinking adequacies. The study of (Lai, 2011) also noted that learning or demonstrating critical thinking requires students to take assessments that keep them engaged in thinking rather than providing a shallow answer. In another opinion, (Yildirim, zkahraman Karabudak, 2011) stated that critical thinking requires some time for application. In the same token, the study confirmed that the demonstration of critical thinking could be done through small increments like changing a plan for a lesson plan or on a large scale like by creating a comprehensive revision to the entire curriculum. Components of a Critical Thinking Assessment Critical thinking has its elements. The first one is an ill-structured problem. These are scenarios or case studies where the validity of an answer depends on the student's arguments. Also, ill-structured problems can be controversial situations that require a reflective judgment. Secondly, (Chen Hu, 2013) states that critical thinking should be discernible. It should be easier for others to see the point that a student wants to put across. In other words, it's more of a question as to why did someone think that such a point would be applicable. Finally, like any other skill, critical thinking should have room for improvement. Students need to reflect on their thoughts and see whether they need an improvement or an addition of a logical construct. Mechanism for Enhancing Critical Thinking Capability Higher education students can employ several mechanisms to promote, learn or demonstrate their critical thinking skills. The following are some of the activities that students can engage to enhance their critical thinking skills. Answering Questions That Have Different Nature of Questioning. In (Davis, 2013), by using questions of different subject approach, students can improve their critical thoughts. Regarding the structure of the questions, students may show their critical thinking skills while interpreting, analyzing, and recognizing the hypotheses to acquire logical solutions. Classroom Discussions and Mind Mapping Classroom discussion and mind mapping is another approach that students can employ to enhance their critical thinking skills. A study of (Nilson et al., 2014) found that negotiation models are a great tool for students to engage in reliable but counteracting arguments. In (Kalelioglu Gulbahar, 2013), mind mapping exercises and collaborative group are substantial activities that use creative visual arts in traversing ideas. Such activities help in connecting facts that exist in mind to spur the thinking process. The study also supported this idea by stating that mind mapping activities stimulate students' reasoning, assumptions, dilemmas, and conclusions. Above all, in (Peter, 2012), collaboration in groups give room for exchange of ideas through sharing and improving learning activities such as frequently asked question. All of these activities enhance critical thinking skills. Pros and Cons Pros and cons are useful, and they are a widely used technique for brainstorming exercises(Nilson et al., 2014). Students may use pros and cons to enhance their critical thinking skills to generated solutions. Apart from that, pros and cons help someone to evaluate what they hear, read or see critically. So, instead of doing something just because it is what the traditions have been doing, one can spend some time thinking and evaluating the reasons behind such truth. Academic Sources and Research Research and writing improve the students' way of thinking. The study of (Nezami et al., 2013) found that reading topics from a variety of sources can tremendously improve thinking skills. Research and writing require someone to reason and evaluate the information from different sources. In the same concept, the study stated that studying various sources enables a student to look for similarities and differences, identify the main idea, then draw a conclusion that improves one's critical thinking skills. Conclusion This paper meant to explore how higher education students can learn or demonstrate critical thinking skills. The paper has touched on the main elements of critical thinking, and it went further to illustrated deeper on how students can learn and demonstrate their critical thinking skills. The fact is that the current society starting from school to the jobs require a generation with problem-solving skills. With that, it is through critical thinking at someone will be able to come up with viable solutions to a particular problem. References Davis, J. (2013). Improving Students Critical Thinking and Classroom Engagement by Playing the Devils Advocate. An Online, Openaccess Peer-Reviewed Education Journal of The Graduate Centre, Cuny. Retrieved from https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/issue-2-fall-2013/davis/ Nezami, N., Asgari, M., Dinarvand, H. (2013). The Effect of Cooperative Learning on the Critical Thinking of High School Students. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(19), 2508-2514. Hsiao, W., Chen, M., Hu, H. (2013). Assessing Online Discussions: Adoption of Critical Thinking as a Grading Criterion. International Journal of Technology, Knowledge Society, 9(3), p15-25. Kalelioglu, F., Gulbahar, Y. (2013). The Effect of Instructional Techniques on Critical Thinking and Critical Thinking Dispositions in Online Discussion. 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